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Correction to: Scientific Reportshttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96830-w, published online 02 May 2025. The original version of this Article contained errors in the Introduction. “have become indispensable across diverse domains, transforming environmental monitoring, healthcare, industrial automation, and smart city applications by transforming data collection and enabling real-time decision-making. The WSN market is expected to experience further growth, with a projected market size of about USD 426.2 billion by 20301, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 18.3% from 2018 to 20262. As WSNs continue to evolve and expand, the issue of energy efficiency takes center stage. Although technological advancements have reduced energy consumption per individual device, the exponential increase in the number of deployed sensors necessitates the optimization of energy utilization to ensure sustainable operation. Addressing energy efficiency holistically requires optimizing multiple factors, such as deployment strategies, topology control, and adaptive routing protocols, to prolong the network lifespan and reduce operational costs. The deployment and routing strategies in these networks are vital for energy efficiency. Deployment strategies, covering node placement and coverage, help minimize redundancy and maximize the effectiveness of sensor nodes, conserving energy. Efficient routing protocols, based on remaining energy, hop count, and path quality, reduce transmission energy3. By addressing these all together, WSNs operate optimally, consequently enhancing lifetime. [61] Khan, Faheem, Shabir Ahmad, Hüseyin Gürüler, Gurcan Cetin, Taegkeun Whangbo, and Cheong-Ghil Kim. An efficient and reliable algorithm for wireless sensor network. Sensors 21, no. 24 (2021): 8355. [62] Rashid, Abdul, Faheem Khan, Toor Gul, Samiullah Khan, and Fahim Khan Khalil. Improving energy conservation in wireless sensor networks using energy harvesting system. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl 9, no. 1 (2018): 354-361.” now reads: “WSNs have become indispensable across diverse domains, transforming environmental monitoring, healthcare, industrial automation, and smart city applications by transforming data collection and enabling real-time decision-making. The WSN market is expected to experience further growth, with a projected market size of about USD 426.2 billion by 20301, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 18.3% from 2018 to 20262. As WSNs continue to evolve and expand, the issue of energy efficiency takes center stage. Although technological advancements have reduced energy consumption per individual device, the exponential increase in the number of deployed sensors necessitates the optimization of energy utilization to ensure sustainable operation. Addressing energy efficiency holistically requires optimizing multiple factors, such as deployment strategies, topology control, and adaptive routing protocols, to prolong the network lifespan and reduce operational costs. The deployment and routing strategies in these networks are vital for energy efficiency. Deployment strategies, covering node placement and coverage, help minimize redundancy and maximize the effectiveness of sensor nodes, conserving energy. Efficient routing protocols, based on remaining energy, hop count, and path quality, reduce transmission energy3. By addressing these all together, WSNs operate optimally, consequently enhancing lifetime4,5. ” As a result, References 4 and 5 were added and are listed below. 4. Khan, F. et al. An efficient and reliable algorithm for wireless sensor network. Sensors21(24), 8355 (2021). 5. Rashid, A. et al. Improving energy conservation in wireless sensor networks using energy harvesting system. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl.9(1), 354–361 (2018). The subsequent References have been renumbered in the text and the Reference list. The original Article has been corrected. © The Author(s) 2025.