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초록

Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) derived from biomass and waste streams has emerged as a leading alternative to conventional jet fuel for decarbonizing aviation. Conventional Jet A-1 is associated with life-cycle emissions of similar to 89 g CO(2)e/MJ, whereas many SAF pathways can achieve approximately 50-90% lower life-cycle greenhousegas (GHG) emissions depending on feedstock, process energy, and coproduct handling. Although ASTM-certified routes such as lipid-based upgrading and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis are advancing toward commercialization and current approvals typically allow blending up to 50 vol%, large-scale deployment remains constrained by limited feedstock availability and high processing costs. Among waste-to-liquid thermochemical routes, pyrolysis is attractive for converting heterogeneous biomass and waste plastics into liquid oils; however, pyrolysis oils are oxygen- and water-rich and chemically unstable, requiring substantial upgrading to meet aviation fuel specifications. This review critically examines recent advances in producing jet-range hydrocarbons from biomass and plastic waste via alcohol-to-jet, pyrolysis and upgrading, solvothermal liquefaction, and hydroprocessing pathways, with emphasis on catalyst deactivation, regeneration, and anti-deactivation strategies. It further integrates feedstock availability, techno-economic analysis (TEA), and life-cycle assessment (LCA). Recent harmonized TEA comparisons indicate minimum jet selling prices on the order of similar to 64-80 USD/GJ for major pathways, which remain above a fossil jet reference of similar to 24 USD/GJ (USD2022 basis), highlighting the continued need for process intensification, catalyst innovation, low-carbon hydrogen integration, and integrated biorefinery strategies. Advancing these technologies is essential to enable scalable, cost-effective SAF deployment while reducing aviation's environmental footprint.

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