ScholarWorks@성균관대학교

초록

Metallic tin is a promising anode material for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to its suitable operating voltage and high theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, the huge volume expansion and stress developed during Sn alloying reactions lead to rapid capacity fading and cell failure. Herein, we report the synthesis of Sn@SnOx core–shell microparticles having an average diameter of 10 μm. The particles were synthesized via NaBH4 reduction and subsequent high-energy ball milling, yielding an anode material with highly stable cycling performance in LIBs. During the early stages of lithiation, LixSnOy and Li2O phases formed on the surface of the Sn0 core via a conversion reaction and mitigated the strain generated by the lithium-alloying reaction in the core. The Sn@SnOx composite with an optimal Sn:SnOx ratio achieved a high reversible discharge capacity (810 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1), high-rate performance (750 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1), and good structural integrity. Further, when Sn@SnOx was paired with an NCM622 cathode, the full cell achieved a high gravimetric energy density of 575 Wh kg−1. Owing to its simple preparation and excellent cell performance, the design basis of the Sn@SnOx microparticles suggest its suitability for use with other bulk anode materials. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

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