First Time-Resolved Leader Spectra Associated With a Downward Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flash Detected at the Telescope Array Surface Detector

Kieu, N.; Abbasi, R.U.; Saba, M.M.F.; Belz, J.W.; Krehbiel, P.R.; Stanley, M.A.; Gordillo-Vazquez, F.J.; Passas-Varo, M.; Warner, T.; Rison, W.; Rodeheffer, D.; da Silva, D.R.; Mazzucco, D.; Knight, T.; Cruz, I.T.; Remington, J.; Mazich, J.; LeVon, R.; Smout, K.; Petrizze, A.; Abu-Zayyad, T.; Allen, M.; Bergman, D.R.; Buckland, I.; Campbell, W.; Cheon, B.G.; Endo, K.; Fedynitch, A.; Fujii, T.; Fujisue, K.; Fujita, K.; Fukushima, M.; Furlich, G.; Gerber, Z.; Globus, N.; Hanlon, W.; Hayashida, N.; He, H.; Hibino, K.; Higuchi, R.; Ikeda, D.; Ishii, T.; Ivanov, D.; Jeong, S.; Jui, C.C.H.; Kadota, K.; Kakimoto, F.; Kalashev, O.; Kasahara, K.; Kawachi, Y.; Kawata, K.; Kharuk, I.; Kido, E.; Kim, H.B.; Kim, JiHee; Kim, JiHyun; Kim, S.W.; Kobo, R.; Komae, I.; Komatsu, K.; Komori, K.; Koyama, C.; Kudenko, M.; Kuroiwa, M.; Kusumori, Y.; Kuznetsov, M.; Kwon, Y.J.; Lee, K.H.; Lee, M.J.; Lubsandorzhiev, B.; Lundquist, J.P.; Matsuzawa, A.; Mathews, J.A.; Matthews, J.N.; Mizuno, K.; Mori, M.; Murakami, M.; Nagataki, S.; Nakahara, M.; Nakamura, T.; Nakayama, T.; Nakayama, Y.; Nonaka, T.; Ogio, S.; Ohoka, H.; Okazaki, N.; Onishi, M.; Oshima, A.; Oshima, H.; Ozawa, S.; Park, I.H.; Park, K.Y.; Potts, M.; Przybylak, M.; Pshirkov, M.S.; Rott, C.; Rubtsov, G.I.; Ryu, D.; Sagawa, H.; Sakaki, N.; Sakamoto, R.; Sako, T.; Sakurai, N.; Sakurai, S.; Sato, D.; Sato, S.; Sekino, K.; Shibata, T.; Shikita, J.; Shimodaira, H.; Shin, B.K.; Shin, H.S.; Shinozaki, K.; Smith, J.D.; Sokolsky, P.; Stokes, B.T.; Stroman, T.A.; Takagi, Y.; Takahashi, K.; Takeda, M.; Takeishi, R.; Taketa, A.; Takita, M.; Tameda, Y.; Tanaka, K.; Tanaka, M.; Thomas, S.B.; Thomson, G.B.; Tinyakov, P.; Tkachev, I.; Tomida, T.; Troitsky, S.; Tsunesada, Y.; Udo, S.; Urban, F.; Vaiman, I.A.; Vrábel, M.; Warren, D.; Yamazaki, K.; Zhezher, Y.; Zundel, Z.; Zvirzdin, J.

doi:10.1029/2024JD041720

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First Time-Resolved Leader Spectra Associated With a Downward Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flash Detected at the Telescope Array Surface Detector

Kieu, N.;
Abbasi, R.U.;
Saba, M.M.F.;
Belz, J.W.;
Krehbiel, P.R.;
... Lee, M.J.;
외 136명

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초록

Optical emissions associated with Terrestrial Gamma ray Flashes (TGFs) have recently become important subjects in space-based and ground-based observations as they can help us understand how TGFs are produced during thunderstorms. In this paper, we present the first time-resolved leader spectra of the optical component associated with a downward TGF. The TGF was observed by the Telescope Array Surface Detector (TASD) simultaneously with other lightning detectors, including a Lightning Mapping Array (LMA), an INTerFerometer (INTF), a Fast Antenna (FA), and a spectroscopic system. The spectroscopic system recorded leader spectra at 29,900 frames per second (33.44 (Formula presented.) s time resolution), covering a spectral range from 400 to 900 nm, with 2.1 nm per pixel. The recordings of the leader spectra began 11.7 ms before the (Formula presented.) kA return stroke and at a height of 2.37 km above the ground. These spectra reveal that optical emissions of singly ionized nitrogen and oxygen occur between 167 (Formula presented.) s before and 267 (Formula presented.) s after the TGF detection, while optical emissions of neutrals (H I, 656 nm; N I, 744 nm, and O I, 777 nm) occur right at the moment of the detection. The time-dependent spectra reveal differences in the optical emissions of lightning leaders with and without downward TGFs. © 2024. The Author(s).

키워드

high-speed camera; lightning leader spectroscopy; TGF optical emissions; TGFs ground-based observations; RUNAWAY BREAKDOWN; ELECTRIC-FIELD; GROUND-LEVEL; EMISSIONS; MECHANISM; BURSTS

제목: First Time-Resolved Leader Spectra Associated With a Downward Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flash Detected at the Telescope Array Surface Detector

저자: Kieu, N.; Abbasi, R.U.; Saba, M.M.F.; Belz, J.W.; Krehbiel, P.R.; Stanley, M.A.; Gordillo-Vazquez, F.J.; Passas-Varo, M.; Warner, T.; Rison, W.; Rodeheffer, D.; da Silva, D.R.; Mazzucco, D.; Knight, T.; Cruz, I.T.; Remington, J.; Mazich, J.; LeVon, R.; Smout, K.; Petrizze, A.; Abu-Zayyad, T.; Allen, M.; Bergman, D.R.; Buckland, I.; Campbell, W.; Cheon, B.G.; Endo, K.; Fedynitch, A.; Fujii, T.; Fujisue, K.; Fujita, K.; Fukushima, M.; Furlich, G.; Gerber, Z.; Globus, N.; Hanlon, W.; Hayashida, N.; He, H.; Hibino, K.; Higuchi, R.; Ikeda, D.; Ishii, T.; Ivanov, D.; Jeong, S.; Jui, C.C.H.; Kadota, K.; Kakimoto, F.; Kalashev, O.; Kasahara, K.; Kawachi, Y.; Kawata, K.; Kharuk, I.; Kido, E.; Kim, H.B.; Kim, JiHee; Kim, JiHyun; Kim, S.W.; Kobo, R.; Komae, I.; Komatsu, K.; Komori, K.; Koyama, C.; Kudenko, M.; Kuroiwa, M.; Kusumori, Y.; Kuznetsov, M.; Kwon, Y.J.; Lee, K.H.; Lee, M.J.; Lubsandorzhiev, B.; Lundquist, J.P.; Matsuzawa, A.; Mathews, J.A.; Matthews, J.N.; Mizuno, K.; Mori, M.; Murakami, M.; Nagataki, S.; Nakahara, M.; Nakamura, T.; Nakayama, T.; Nakayama, Y.; Nonaka, T.; Ogio, S.; Ohoka, H.; Okazaki, N.; Onishi, M.; Oshima, A.; Oshima, H.; Ozawa, S.; Park, I.H.; Park, K.Y.; Potts, M.; Przybylak, M.; Pshirkov, M.S.; Rott, C.; Rubtsov, G.I.; Ryu, D.; Sagawa, H.; Sakaki, N.; Sakamoto, R.; Sako, T.; Sakurai, N.; Sakurai, S.; Sato, D.; Sato, S.; Sekino, K.; Shibata, T.; Shikita, J.; Shimodaira, H.; Shin, B.K.; Shin, H.S.; Shinozaki, K.; Smith, J.D.; Sokolsky, P.; Stokes, B.T.; Stroman, T.A.; Takagi, Y.; Takahashi, K.; Takeda, M.; Takeishi, R.; Taketa, A.; Takita, M.; Tameda, Y.; Tanaka, K.; Tanaka, M.; Thomas, S.B.; Thomson, G.B.; Tinyakov, P.; Tkachev, I.; Tomida, T.; Troitsky, S.; Tsunesada, Y.; Udo, S.; Urban, F.; Vaiman, I.A.; Vrábel, M.; Warren, D.; Yamazaki, K.; Zhezher, Y.; Zundel, Z.; Zvirzdin, J.

DOI: 10.1029/2024JD041720

발행일: 2024-12

유형: Article

저널명: Journal of Geophysical Research-atmospheres

권: 129

호: 24