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초록

Recently, both tariff and non-tariff measures (NTMs) have been reinforced in international trade, creating a highly challenging environment for Korea's trade. The increasing prevalence of NTMs, particularly Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures, has posed a global challenge to trade. This paper reviews existing, though not exhaustive, literature on the trade effects of TBT and SPS measures, distinguishing their restrictive and facilitative roles. It also examines how international regulatory trends have influenced policy changes in various countries and suggests directions for future research on these issues. While these regulations often impose compliance costs that disproportionately affect exporters from low-income countries, they can also enhance trade efficiency by improving product quality, consumer trust and market transparency. The findings underscore the complex nature of NTMs, emphasising the need for regulatory harmonisation and policy coordination to balance trade facilitation with public health and environmental objectives. For trade goods where quality perception is more transparent, however, alternative theoretical and empirical findings may emerge, differing from the previous research conclusions. In this regard, further development of theoretical models and empirical analysis is necessary to explore these dynamics more comprehensively.

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