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초록

Widespread ZEB policies are critical for reducing building energy consumption and carbon emissions. ZEB attainment, defined as an Energy Independence Ratio (EIR) above 20%, requires optimized combinations of passive design, active systems, and on-site renewable energy production under dense urban and seasonally extreme climatic conditions. However, a frequency analysis of 60 certified ZEBs reveals limited deployment of energy storage and a strong dependence on photovoltaics (PV), creating vulnerabilities in securing diverse renewable energy sources. This review underscores the spatial paradox of ZEBs in metropolitan regions, where high energy demand conflicts with severe spatial constraints for on-site renewables. The necessity of strictly defining the energy boundary within the building footprint to address these limitations is emphasized. To address these universal urban constraints, this paper introduces the strategic framework of Plus Energy Building Innovative Technology (PEBIT). This framework adopts a strict boundary for energy flow within the building footprint and targets a Plus Energy Building (PEB) condition—defined as a building producing more energy than it consumes—with a net EIR of 120% using on-site resources only. This is achieved via three core technology domains: radical load reduction through passive design, efficient energy conversion and storage with active systems, and diverse renewable energy production, supported by comprehensive optimization platform. By identifying current technology adoption trends and vulnerabilities through the representative Korean case, this review validates the necessity of PEBIT's integrated approach and proposes a roadmap toward advanced PEB and negative carbon energy systems for high-density urban regions worldwide.

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